India ' s higher selling , general and administrative expenses , as a percent of sales , were due to increased operating reserve 印度的销售费用,一般费用和管理费用较高,大概占总销售额的百分之一,其原因是运营准备金的提高。
The trustees maintain an operating reserve fund to assure trf ' s stability in times of economic downturn , unexpected emergency , or necessary expense 保管委员会保留了一笔营运准备基金,以确保基金会能在经济不景气、突发紧急状况或因应必要的支出时,能保持稳定。
A novel mechanism for determining and procuring operating reserve requirements in regional power markets ( rpm ) is presented . in addition , an allocation mechanism of associated benefits is developed based on the well - developed cooperative game theory 针对区域电力市场,设计了确定和获取运行备用容量的算法,并利用合作博弈思想探讨了运行备用容量收益的合理分配问题。
This thesis focuses on several important , yet difficult , problems concerning procurement and pricing of agc and operating reserve in the electricity market environment , such as forecasting and procurement of agc capacity requirement , coordination of dispatching and pricing strategies in energy and agc markets , procurement and pricing of operating reserve with economic efficiency and reliability requirement well balanced , efficient transactions of operating reserve in a regional power market 例如, agc的需求预测与获取, agc与有功能量市场的协调运作,兼顾经济性与可靠性的运行备用容量获取与定价,以及区域电力市场环境下的运行备用交易等问题。本文针对这几个重要而尚未得到很好解决的问题进行了比较系统深入的研究: 1
The restructuring of power system presents many new challenges for procuring and pricing agc and operating reserve . although much research work on developing efficient procuring and pricing of such generation resource has been done , there are still many important issues to be solved 在电力市场环境下,辅助服务的获取和定价遇到了许多新的挑战,虽然国内外对此作了一些研究,而且有些方法已经在目前运行的电力市场中得到实际应用,但仍有很多重要的问题没有得到很好的解决。
In electricity networks, the operating reserve is the generating capacity available to the system operator within a short interval of time to meet demand in case a generator goes down or there is another disruption to the supply. Most power systems are designed so that, under normal conditions, the operating reserve is always at least the capacity of the largest generator plus a fraction of the peak load.
operating: adj. 1.运行的;操作的;工作的。 2.关于业务的; ...reserve: vt. 1.保留;留下(以备后用、享受等)。 2.预定, ...operating reserve capacity: 运行备用容量in reserve: 备用, 预备no reserve: 兰蔻水晶亮泽炫魅唇彩on reserve, be: 保留reserve: vt. 1.保留;留下(以备后用、享受等)。 2.预定,预约,租定,包,定(座位、房间等)。 3.贮藏,储备。 4.把…除外,附加但书,限制。 5.改期(宣判等)。 6.订约保留(某种权益)。 7.〔罕用语〕让活着;救命。 8.【宗教】留出(部分圣餐);保留(特赦权)。 9.注定。 All rights reserved. 所有权利全部保留;版权所有,不许翻印。 This discovery was reserved for Columbus. 一直等到哥伦布才来完成这一发现。 A great future is reserved for you. 远大的前程等着你。 All seats reserved. 所有座位必须预定。 reserve oneself for 养精蓄锐以待。 n. 1.贮藏,保存;保留;储备,预备。 2.备用人力[资源];贮藏物。 3.保留地;预备林;猎区。 4.【军事】〔常 pl.〕后备兵;后援部队;后援舰队;预备舰队;【运】预备队员,候补选手;(博览会等的)预备奖品。 5.【商业】准备金,公积金。 6.自制,虚心,谨慎;斟酌,限制,条件,例外。 7.缄默;隐讳,隔阂,冷淡,不坦白。 8.【染】防染物;(电镀用的)防镀剂。 9.【采】埋藏量,(石油)贮量。 10.限价,最低价格。 11.【生物化学】(溶液,血液等的酸或碱的)储量。 He has a great reserve of energy. 他绰有余力;他精力充裕。 the first reserve 预备役[军]。 the second reserve 后备役[军]。 the gold reserve (发钞银行的)黄金储备。 proved reserve 【采】探明贮量。 reserve cell 补充细胞。 be placed on the reserve (军舰)被编入后备舰队。 break down all reserve (无保留地)消除一切隔阂。 call up the reserves 召集预备役。 in reserve 留下的,预备的,备用的。 have [keep] in reserve 留作预备。 place a reserve upon a house 给房子标上拍卖的最低价格。 place to reserve 留作备用款[公积]。 with all reserve [all proper reserves] 有保留地(We publish this with all reserve. 本处公布此事确否待证)。 throw off reserve 消除隔阂。 with reserve 有保留地;有条件地;有限制地。 without reserve 不客气地,坦白地,直言不讳地;无限制地,无保留地(sale without reserve 不限价拍卖)。 adj. 后备的,准备的,多余的。 one's reserve strength 潜力。 a reserve bank 〔美国〕准备银行,储备银行。 a reserve city 〔美国〕(市内国立银行保有一定黄金储备的)准备市。 a reserve fund 储备金,公积金。 a reserve tank 【机械工程】后备油箱。 a reserve tooth 永久齿。 a reserve price 最低拍卖限价。 reserve speed 〔美军俚〕最大速度。 with a reserve: 保留价operating: adj. 1.运行的;操作的;工作的。 2.关于业务的;营业上的;关于收支的。 3 外科手术的。operating costs 营业费;事业费;经营成本;生产费用。 operating expenses 业务开支;营业费。 operating funds 流动资金。 operating personnels 管理人员。 operating as: 运作如…的claims reserve; loss reserve: 赔款准备金res reserve reserve: 预备队a reserve fund: 公积金accumulated reserve: 累积储备active reserve: 活动准备金actual reserve: 真实储量additional reserve: 补充储备量; 追加准备金advertising reserve: 广告预算aggregate reserve: 骨料储量air reserve: 空军后备队airborne reserve: 空中预备队alignment reserve: 调整裕量alkali reserve: (预备硷):可以在体内用做缓冲剂的重碳酸盐(硷)的量。; 碱藏; 碱储备; 碱储藏; 碱储量; 碱贮藏; 碱贮箅; 硷储量alkaline reserve: 碱储备; 碱储量; 碱贮; 硷储备allowance reserve: 折让及回扣; 折让准备